HISTORY OF NEPAL ARMY

HISTORY OF NEPAL ARMY

CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

                                                    

1.1              Background of Information

The Nepal Army is the armed military Land warfare force of Nepal available internationally and a major component of the Military of Nepal. Service is voluntary and the minimum age for enrollment is 18 years. The army was known as The Royal Nepalese Army (RNA) during the monarchy system in Nepal. It was renamed into Nepal Army since 28 May 2008 with the abolishing of 238-year-old monarchy. Unlike other military forces around the world, the Nepalese Army has a very strict joining policy.

Nepal unification campaign was a turning point in the history of the Nepalese army. Since unification was not possible without a strong army, the management of the armed forces had to be exceptional. Apart from the standard Malla era temples in Kathmandu, army being organized in Gorkhas, technicians and experts had to be brought in from abroad to manufacture war materials. After the Gorkhali troops captured Nuwakot, the neighboring principality of Kathmandu (Kantipur) in the year 1744, the Gorkhali armed forces came to be known as the Royal Nepalese Army.

Their gallantry, sincerity and simplicity impressed even their enemy so much that the British East-India Company started recruiting Nepalese into their forces. Since the British had fought against then RNA, which was till that time, still colloquially known as "Army of Gorkha" or "Gorkhali" army, the British called their new soldiers "Gurkhas". The Indian army, after gaining their independence from the British, started calling them "Gorkha". In 1946, the Royal Nepalese Army troops were led by Commanding General Sir Baber Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana at the Victory Parade in London. The Gurkha Rifles existing in India and Britain are part of foreign military organizations where Nepalis are recruited. The NA are rightfully the true heir of the title of "The original Army of the Gorkha".

Prior to 2006 the Nepal Army was known as the Royal Nepalese Army and was under the control of the King of Nepal. Yet following the Loktantra Andolan (People's Movement for Democracy) on May 18, 2006 a Bill was passed by the Nepalese parliament curtailing royal power, this included renaming the army. The strength of Nepalese Army varies in different period of the history of Nepal. The systematization in army has been made during late prime minister Bhimsen Thapa. He established a record book named “LAL DHADDA”. That time onwards the record of military personnel is updated which helps to know the various aspects of army. The Nepalese army has updated the strength of army onwards 2009 BS. The time frame is also known as the 64 years of strategic evolution of NA. During the first reorganization of Nepalese Army in 2009 BS the strategic capability was 9,652 and whereas the strategic capability of Nepalese Army in redesign of 2073 BS is 96,615. The strength of Nepalese Army seems to have a great variation due to the Maoist people’s war in Nepal. The strategic capability of Nepalese Army has significantly increased from 48,573 ( 2056 BS ) to 92,753 in the year 2058-63 BS during Maoist people’s war in Nepal. The strength of any army depicts by the political situation, economy and internal and external threat. So the right size of NA is also analyzed in these basis.

1.2              Statement of the Problem

Territorial integrity, sovereignty, national objectives and vital national interests are of prime importance for any independent nation. The elements that determine the countries are its geo-political situation, internal political stability, its diplomatic skills, economy and its military strength. These factors dictate what strategy and policy will be suitable and essential for the country. The conventional definition of the security incorporates not only the military but includes economic, environmental, political, social and human aspect as well. The political and the military dimension are still found to be dominant on the South Asian perspective. On the Nepalese perspective, geo-political situation comes parallel with the other aspects. Although the unipolar world of the 21st century has completely diminished the ideological conflicts, but the countries around the world still do not have peace due to the new trends of conflict, i.e. intra state conflicts and challenges it has brought to the peace support operations. In this regard too, coming up with clear, concise and attainable vision for the Nepalese Army is deemed highly essential. In 2004 Nepal spent $99.2 million on its military (1.5% of its GDP). Since 2002 the RNA had been involved in the Nepali Civil War they were also used to quell the pro-democracy protesters in April 2006 Loktantra Andolan.

The strength of NA is seen with greater importance because it is the one and only institution which is not influenced by political parties and their issues and the most dedicated institution for the national sovereignty. Therefore the analytical right size of NA is everybody’s concerned. Therefore there is a need to research some of the following issues:                                

1.2.1        What are the strength of NA till now?

1.2.2    What is the right size of NA in future?

                                                           

1.3       Objectives of the study

The Objectives of the individual research paper/study are divided as under:

1.3.1    General Objective

·         To analyze the strength of NA in different stages of history.

1.3.2    Specific Objectives

·         To describe the variation of strategic capability with reason.

·         To analyze the right size of NA in upcoming days.

1.3              Significance of the Study

Every research has its importance. The topic has been researched has own value for Nepal army members. In the regular process of modernization of Nepal Army to meet the National Security perspective in changing context, the organization structure upraised as corps concept in 2056 BS. Review the existing force structure of NA and recommend a suitable organizational structure with a view to rebalance and reorganize existing combat, combat support and combat service support elements. As growth in the national development and increase in population in country, the necessity of security sector reformation also absolutely required. Therefore looking the present context there is necessity changing the strength and organization of NA.

1.4                Limitations of the Study

The research work is basically useful for all researchers and learners who are willing to study about the likely vision document of the Nepalese Army. Security Sector Reform, Modernization of the Nepalese Army and the Restructuring of the Nepalese Army at present are great issues for debate. The research is an historical analysis with future recommendation of the right size of NA. It bears various limitations such as:

·         The research faces the limitation of  authentic data. It is based upon the data provided by DMO, DMI and PPG.

·         The research explains the strategic capability of NA in different era with limited description of reasons. 

·         It focuses on the matters related to the analytical over view of right size of NA in term of internal and external threat.

·          The analytical right size of NA is basically based on own assumption

·         The research is only limited to the strength of present NA from 2009 BS onwards..

1.6       Organization of Study

To achieve the objectives of the problem, this research paper has been designed into following parts-

·         Part I - Introduction.

·         Part II – Review of literature

·         Part III – Research methodology

·         Part IV – History of Nepal Army

·         Part V - The strength of NA

·         Part VI – The analytical overview of right size of NA in future

·         Part VII-  Finding, conclusion and recommendation

CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Nepal is geo strategically located between two emerging nuclear powers: India and China. She was well known as a symbol of peace and the birth place of Lord Buddha. But the image of Nepal as peace loving nation has diminished amid the conflict it went through over the last ten years. As we look around us, the South Asia has been now been considered as one of the most violent areas in the world of course, second only to Africa. This whole region is today engulfed in the reign of violence. Barely has the internal conflict in Nepal come to some form of settlement, new violence has been introduced. The political destabilization, fragile economy, poverty and rise of ethnic issues means the country is heading towards more conflict in the coming future. Amid this crisis it is extremely important that Nepal have a sizeable and ready military force to deal with the unfolding situations.

Therefore in this regard to come up with vision of the army for the future is not only a reasonable assumption but a much needed analysis as well. Apart from this a distinctive feature of security related environmental changes in the concepts, paradigms and the complexities of national, regional and global dynamics also ensures that we must look into ourselves for the future, to survive the cut throat competition that is brewing up. The rapid advances being made in science and technology, particularly in the fields of information technology, globalization and greater focus on peace, development and cooperative security and for greater need of national stability, the military is an asset that everyone ultimately looks up to. For this too, coming up with the future prospects, scrutinizing it minutely, the vision plays a great role. The strength of NA is very important because whole the strategic capabilities of is determined by the strength of NA and its capabilities. There has been the great variation in the strength of NA during the insurgency period or Maoist people’s war. This statement vividly explains that the strength of any nation is decided by its security status. Moreover the strength of any nation is also decided by the internal and external threat. The strength of army is deterred by its size, population, terrain and economical status. The data received from PPG and DMO  shows that the increasement of strength of NA is  due to  important historical event. Indian Army: Vision 2020 by Gurmeet Kanwal is the first full scale critical analysis of the future of defence force structure. The way this vision document was handled and written was an inspirational aspect to the researcher in finalizing his research.

The Indian Armed Forces: A Basic Guide edited by Major General Afsir Karim AVSM (Retd.) is the simple book which tries to answer all the basic questions regarding armed forces structure, that too particularly of Army. India’s Armed Forces by Major Jodh Singh is also meticulously written work which gives comprehensive insight into the Armed Forces structure. Reasonable Size of Defence Force in Nepal a GRP, submitted to the Army Command and Staff College provided some insight into earlier proposed force structure for Nepalese Army.

      Chapter-III

Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design

For the study of concerned subject descriptive and analytical method was used. Data were collected through books and internets on concerned heading and edited with some additional personal analytical views. The whole research was being based merely on secondary data. Due to time limits and other related factor of training other methods to work with primary data was not possible as well as relevant. The subject matter being vast and openly findable without choosing other reliable and effective means, descriptive and analytical method is so chosen.

3.2 Nature and Sources of Data

Data collection technique for the study were taken from secondary sources i.e. library method. Basically, sources for gathering information are published materials on the concerned subject i.e. books and internet websites. In addition, articles published related to future of NA are also taken as reference data and manipulated with the existing facts. My major sources of data are different websites related to NA and existing research papers done on future implications and obstacles. In addition, books related to NA were also referred to prepare this research paper. Moreover, my research paper is based on secondary data and the sources are mainly open sources.

3.3 Data Analysis and Presentation

The English dictionary "Oxford  Advanced Learner's Dictionary 8th Edition 2010' defines the word 'analysis' as 'proof by deduction from known truth and   'presentation' as ' the way in which something is offered, shown, explained,  etc to others.  Also the website version of the same dictionary (www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/presentation‎) defines the term as 'a speech or talk in which a new product, idea, or piece of work is shown and explained to an audience. The dictionary also defines the word as the manner or style in which something is given, offered, or displayed. The above references show that the analysis of the data collected from the different sources like internets, newspapers and other means are collected and collated in similar headings and finally corroborated with the each other to find the existing facts. I had basically analyzed the facts and data based on the official page of the NA with the reference to other research paper related to NA.

The presentation of the collected data in a well managed form is tried to optimum level from my side. Here the presentation cannot be managed in proper form due to time limit and other several factors. But the effort to manage them in appropriate format had been carried out.

CHAPTER-IV

HISTORY OF NEPAL ARMY

4.1       Historical Background

In the early and medieval periods, the small states and principalities did not have standing army. During that period army was raised from the people wherever such exigencies arose; and such occasions normally use to be either before invading other states or to defend from invasion or to quell revolt. The system prevailed for raising the soldiers was that every household should send one man in the army if the need were arisen. Then, it was an accepted rule that every household was required to send one person as soldier if the Government had issued an appeal. However, most of the states were very small, so they could easily look after for defense and state administration from the capital (Hamal 1995,4-5).

The practice of employing a few persons permanently for the security purposes along with other purposes seemed to have started during the reign of Mukund Sen in Palpa. Besides them, there were no standing armies. The system of establishing Gadhis and forts was also popular in Palpa. The Khalanga (fort) of Batase was an example. There were Banku Gadhi, Baldeng Gadhi, and Shivpur Gadhi, etc in the Kingdom of Palpa. The same system might have prevailed among many Baises and Chaubises during the medieval period.

4.2       Organization System in Ancient Period

In the medieval period some improvement took place in the military organization. Instead of following the practice of raising army as and when need had arisen; establishment of permanent forts for security of capital and cities was started and the system of nominating commander of a fort; known as “Kwath-Nayak” came into practice. The king used to appoint or designate someone as the Kwath-Nayak to guard the places and to supply soldiers to the state, especially in the far-flung areas. These Kwath-Nayaks used to run administration in remote and far places in the Lichhavi period (Hamal 1995,5).

4.3       Establishment of Permanent Army

In the middle of the eighteenth century, the system of military organization changed in the Kingdom of Kantipur on account of repeated attack made by King Prithvi Narayan Shah against the Kathmandu valley states. King Jaya Prakash Malla began to raise permanent army and provided them training in the art of warfare through the experts brought from Kangra for this purpose.

In the early and medieval periods, most of the soldiers were food soldiers. There were cavalry also. “Around 647, King Narendra Dev of Kathmandu helped the Chinese with 7,000 cavalry to mount attack against Arunaswa” (Hamal 1995,6). The Khasa Malla had Kingdom in the western Nepal, and powerful army. The boundary of his Malla Kingdom was extended up to the Trishuli River in the east, Garhwal in the west, Taklakhar in the north and the Tarai in the south. These Malla Kings mounted attack repeatedly against the Kathmandu valley states. Their army consisted of the foot-soldiers and cavalry. The Kings belonging to the Karnat dynasty of Simrongadh, in the eastern Tarai region, had organized army. Their army consisted of food soldiers, cavalry, and elephants. These Kings had to engage in battles numerous times against the neighboring states. In respect of every Kingdom, The King was the supreme authority of the land (Hamal 1995, 6).

4.3.1 Hierarchal Structure

In ancient period there was a system of various appointments. King, as a ruler of a nation, used to assume as a supreme commander of the army; with the sole authority to appoint other major appointment, as well as to decide about the movement of the army. The provision of rank structure has been described as Supreme Commander, Commander - in – chief, Mulmi, Kazi, Bhardar, Kwath-Nayak or Umrao, Sardar etc. (Hamal 1995,7-12).  

4.3.2    Appointment and Recruitment

In the early and medieval periods, both the commanders and soldiers did not function only military activities continuously; rather they used to engage either in civil administration or in personal works such as farming. So long as there was no standing army, the question did not arise about the recruitment of soldiers. According to the tradition, when invade or to defend, compulsorily every house hold was required to send at least one person to the army. Therefore, the army was raised from the persons belonging to different castes, beliefs and professions.

4.4       NA during the Period of King Prithvi Narayan Shah

King Prithvi Narayan Shah conceived of the state as resting on two sturdy pillars, a contented peasantry and a loyal army. The state's security was depended on the second pillar of Prithvi Narayan Shah's and that was army. There was no permanent soldier in any state in Nepal before King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha created such soldiers in the third quarter of 18th century (Stiller 1995, 232).

During initial days of King Prithvi Narayan Shah, he used to recruit the soldiers from the people at the time of war for the duration of particular operation. These were to be used during the initial phase of operations in temporary basis named as “Jhara or Bisti”. Later he started the tradition of regular field commanders and soldiers continuing the Jhara system; was the beginning of organization of NA. (Stiller 1995, 232).

After the defeat of Gorkhali troops in the battle of Kirtipur King Prithvi Narayan Shah realized the requirement of organizing the army in different manner. Such realization force him to research and study about the organizing the army units which formally started on 1762 by establishment of Kali Box and Shree Nath Company (Stiller 1995, 232).

Prithvi Narayan Shah has divided his army into three groups. “One group consisted of soldiers bearing traditional weapons such as Khukuri, Khunda, Spear and Javeline. The second group was of archers and third group consisted of gun bearing soldiers” (Hamal 1995,30).

4.5 Rise of Bhimsen Thapa in Nepalese Politics

At the beginning of 19th century in the midst of the growing political instability in Nepal, a figure emerged who was not well known before. With his intelligence, diligence, political diplomacy and honesty Bhimsen Thapa became a prominent figure not only on the national but also in the international arena and enjoyed a 31 years long strong political career.

It was because of Bhimsen Thapa’s superior diplomacy Rana Bahadur Shah, could come back to Nepal and Damodar Pande was killed. He ruled as a Prime Minister for a period of 31 years, serving three generations of king in succession. He extended the territory of Nepal far and wide. The Anglo-Nepal war broke out during his time.

4.6       Major Policies of Bhimsen Thapa

Bhimsen Thapa was the follower of the King Prithvi Narayan Shah, who never had a good relation with British Empire and did not accept a proposal of East India Company considering their expansionist policy. He had well analyzed the hidden interest of British even in their trade and commerce policy. During his stay at Kashi he had well observed the activities of East India Company and how they were annexing the small principalities so after coming in power his main policy was always aimed against the British. He was the one who tried to have Asian unity against the British Colony. Bhimsen Thapa had visualized the British policy to confined Nepal in hills only and elected to accept the challenge of war.

Bhimsen Thapa had observed the possibility of powerful Indian princes siding with Nepal to defeat the British and perhaps even to drive them out of India. One of the key factors in Bhimsen Thapa's thinking was the recognition of the real weakness of the British position in India.

Another important aspect of Bhimsen Thapa’s policy was that he was not in the favor of postponing the war despites of its possibility. Postponing the war would give the Nepal army little advantage in terms of training and equipment, while it might provide more time to British for understanding the weakness of Gorkhali troops as well as the secret of fighting at hills which Bhimsen Thapa was not willing to provide.

4.7       Contribution of Bhimsen Thapa in Organization of NA

Bhimsen Thapa started to reorganize as well as modernize army bringing various improvements in an ancient system. He improved the management system, took the assistant from European export, use the idea which he had observed at Kashi about the British Military system. Despites of national economic crisis he did not left behind rather took a difficult, challenging and controversial decision of “Birta Haran” and war with East India Company. During the process to reform the army he brought the instructor from the France, introduced uniform, new rank of European style was created. He established the military industry and produced the arms and ammunition; arranged the barrack and daily parade system, Bugle was used since then and European type word of command was also started. These activities were the major basis of the modern army as well as his contribution while organizing the army.

As a Prime Minister and General of Nepalese Army (NA); General Bhimsen Thapa ruled Nepal about 31 years in one stretch. During this period, he tried to reform the Nepalese economy, social value and tradition. Despite of having political and military power of the nation he always put forward the national interest only. He saved the national sovereignty and independence and did not misuse the power for personal interest. As a military leader he tried to improve the military organization quantitative and qualitative way to defend the motherland.

Bhimsen Thapa has done lot for the nation in various aspects and among them army is one field only. He was the great political leader and could bring political stability in the country. He was a great administrator who brought lots of social changes like; eradication of Slavery (Das Pratha). He was a great military commander as he put the foundation of modernization of NA. Although by profession he was not a soldier and had not commanded troops in the battlefield, he assumed the title of general and came out with lot of reforms to strengthen the army as described below.

 4.8      Introduction of Barrack System and Construction of forts  

This system was introduced with the aim to properly establish, organize, and accommodate the army. Bhimsen Thapa had understood that until soldiers will remain in a group they can’t be used effectively in war as an organization, so he introduced a barrack system. It was an efficient method to house the soldiers in barracks and cantonment that way they could be more trained and motivated as well as their welfare looked after.  Besides of the barrack and cantonment, at the same time few forts were constructed and old ones were renovated. The forts were built all over the country by selecting the strategic locations to protect the major cities and areas. In this manner NA started to function as a units and this system of keeping soldiers in a barrack and forts was a foundation put by Bhimsen Thapa for the organization of NA in that era. Bhimsen Thapa also made an arrangement to open the market close to the barrack so the soldiers can easily get the basic needs in close vicinity (Nepali 2035, 69) 

4.9       Introduction of New Titles and Rank System

From the beginning of its establishment several types of titles and ranks were being used in NA. About the titles being used before Bhimsen Thapa had been described in a previous chapter. Bhimsen Thapa introduced the European rank system in the Army. In fact, Bhimsen Thapa was successful politician leader rather than military leader but with the help of European experts he tried to bring some positive changes in army and introduction of such ranks was one of them.  Although Bhimsen Thapa never had military command in the field, became first C-IN-C of Nepal and the rank General was given to him.

4.10     Introduction of Uniform

Before Bhimsen Thapa started to organize the NA; system of uniform for every soldier was not in practice. Considering the uniform system in other armies he introduced a uniform in NA as similar fashion to the French Army.

4.11     Establishment of Arms and Armament Factory

During the time of Prithvi Narayan Shah, manufacturing of arms and equipments had started; it was Bhimsen Thapa who again regarded the idea. During that period East India Company was expanding its influences all over the India and Nepal was facing problem even to contact with remaining principalities and kingdom in Indian continent. In other way depending with Tibet for weapon was not reliable for Nepal. So for the future anticipated war with East India production of arms and armament in own country was only efficient way for not to depend upon external support. Bhimsen Thapa had realized that the greatest weakness of the army was its lack of artillery and he made arrangements to produce weapons and strategic equipment in Nepal. For these huge magazines and arsenals were constructed to produce cannons, weapons, and ammunition.

The major requirement of NA was cannons of better quality but those produced in Nepal were of very inferior quality and their caliber was limited both by the casting technique used, and the size was limited by the problem of transporting them through the Hills. For such production there was a need of better grade of steel and greater skill in casting but Nepalese had not been able to acquire either of these. This had badly affected the Gorkhali troops during Anglo-Nepal war; as stated by a writer of The Rise of House of Gorkha;  “As a result the Nepal army had cannons of small caliber suitable for short-range, anti-personnel work, but not the longer-ranged heavy canon that could be turned on British positions” during such cannon would not be aided by a postponement of the war (Stiller 1995, 289-290).

4.12     Conduct of Training

The initial aim of Bhimsen Thapa to establish a barrack for army was to organize and train the commander and the soldiers to function in a group. Once he put on practice of barrack/cantonment Bhimsen Thapa started to train and organize the army in modern way. Bhimsen Thapa has well anticipated that without proper training to involve in war could be worthless so with the aim to carry out the proper training he had called upon “French military experts who were the real enemy of the British in various wars”.

4.13     Establishment of Intelligence Network

Bhimsen Thapa established the intelligence network to know about the enemy; especially against East India Company. He has recruited a several spices to this job and they were spread all over the country; though information used to received delay because of lack of means of communication.

4.14     Collection of Finances for Army

During his period, he tried to reform the Nepalese economy, social values, customs, administrative system, judiciary and tradition. Nepalese economy was very weak in that time because of limited trade and commerce. Before Bhimsen Thapa  Rana Bahadur Shah’s effort to organize the army was not success due to lack of budget and resources. The economic conditions of Nepal further worsen during 1859 BS. Even “to rule the country, the government had to collect revenue for the next 60 years” and under these conditions it was not possible to organize the army. However determination of Bhimsen Thapa to organize the army succeeded to convince Rana Bahadur Shah and with his agreement the ‘Birta’ given to the Brahmins were confiscated. This is known in a history as a “Birta Haran”; the major critics on the Bhimsen Thapa’s policy at that time.

4.15     Introduction of Porter System

Before the era of Bhimsen Thapa the general condition of personnel of military was very pathetic. They had to carry all logistic (including foods) items because they need to arrange everything themselves and it was very difficult for them.     Carrying all arms, equipment and foods/water was very difficult task to perform by army at that time. The weapons, ammunitions, equipments and specially the cannons were too heavy. Besides of these soldiers used to carry the other logistic items and because of a limited numbers of troops the fighting capacity was badly affected so he introduced the system of porters (Nepali 2035, 69) .

4.16     Construction of forts

Forts were constructed with the general purposes such as; protection of strategic location, provide strong position to fight against enemy and keep the soldiers together. Only strong forts had supported Gorkhalies to fight against the strong and superior East India Company forces. As well as it was the beginning of the barrack system in NA also. 

4.17   Political maneuver to Support the Military

On the blink of Anglo-Nepal war Bhimsen Thapa has tried to establish an ally against the expansionist policy of British from India. "He was clear-headed enough to save Nepal from British colonialism. He was the first person in Asia to raise the voice of cooperation in the continent." He tried to get support from China as well as sent a representative to the kings of Panjab and Sikha but it did not work well. However his effort has shown an importance of alignment for weak nation for its security. Because of the international situation of that period, in order to retain the independence and sovereignty of Nepal, he had to balance the Chinese and the British power. He even appealed to the native state of India, China, Tibet, Burma, Iran and other countries for Asian unity against the Western Imperialistic elements.

4.18     Management of Military Organization

Bhimsen Thapa was not a military personnel by profession, yet there are lot of organizational reforms he carried out in the army which could not have been accomplished even by many professional generals of the army. Before him the management of the army was very poor and it used to be judged as a below standard level.  During stay at Banaras/ Kashi, he had observed the British Military system in a military while he was in the Kashi, which he implemented once he came into the power and started to reform the army. He brought the instructor from the France. Uniform was provided which was similar to French dress regulation. New rank was created according to European style. He established the military industry and produced the arms and ammunition. He arranged the barrack and daily parade system. He collected lots of revenue and incentives were given to soldiers in terms of land and property. He worked many things for the welfare of soldiers and their families with the aim to increase the commitment and dedication towards battle without any tension from family.

CHAPTER-V

STRENGTH OF NEPAL ARMY

5.1 Existing Organization of the Nepalese Army

As growth in the national development and increase in population in country, the necessity of security sector reformation also absolutely required. In the regular process of modernization of Nepal Army to meet the National Security perspective in changing context, the organization structure upraised as corps concept in 2056 BS. According to this corps concept there are 6 x Divisions and 15 x Brigades along with Special Forces, Combat Support Units and Combat Service Support Units formed under direct command of COAS. So, 1 x Division for each Development Regions and Kathmandu Valley, same as 1 x Infantry Bde in each zone and Kathmandu Valley are located. Nepal Army has started to enroll female to represent the women to meet the standard of national and international context. The organization of Nepal army is shown in appendix”A’’.

5.2 Functions of Military Forces

The Army has already become a permanent institution in each and every nation in the modern age. The Army’s role in peace or harmony within the country or outside the country is as much as its role in war time. The Nepal Army has been providing valuable contribution in many areas since long back. Its contribution can be grouped as maintenance of internal peace and security, extending assistance during calamities, performances of devlopoment works and protection of vital installation and miscellaneous activities.

5.2.1          External Functions

Previously the traditional focus has been on the external functions of military forces. In the war-centered studies, these functions were usually confined to the conduct of war. In the military-force-oriented studies it is wholly concerned with military forces, asset of the functions of military forces has gradually been worked out, but the emphasis has continued to be on its external use. The set of the external functions as summarized from several studies are as follows;

·         Defence against any aggression.

·         A deterrent against various types of war.

·         Coercion as a means of backing negotiations of any kind.

·         A protective structure behind which other instruments of foreign policy, diplomatic, economic and political can operate.

·         Peace keeping and peace enforcement in the form of allies like UN, multinational forces etc.

5.2.2          Internal Functions

In the view of the military force, there are two kinds of domestic functions. One is to protect the peaceful and normal course of social life in the relatively stable periods of social development. The second function is to support the rule of the governing elite and defend it actively in periods of serious challenges and dangers. In short this can be summarized as follows;

·         Nation building.

·         Help in disaster management.

·         Controlling internal disturbances; i.e., dealing with riot, counter insurgency etc.

·         Helping civil authority to maintaining law and order and assist in elections.

·         Show of force and demonstrations.

·         Intervention operations.

·         LIC.

·         Combating terrorism. i.e., anti terrorism and counter terrorism.

·         Environmental preservation and protection.

5.3 Role of the Nepalese Army

The primary role of the Nepalese Army has always been to defend the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the country and providing human security. In fact, Nepal would not have remained independent for the last two centuries without the key role played by the Nepalese Army. In Nepal, the Army has not only maintained high discipline and loyalty to the people but it has been fulfilling its utmost duty in time of need to maintain peace and stability.

5.3.1          Protection from External Threats

Since the days of its inception, the Nepalese Army has faced several challenges and successfully fought several battles to protect the nation from the external threats. The most notable wars were Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) and Nepal-Tibet-China war (1788-89, 1855-56), in which the Nepalese Army proved itself as one of the bravest organizations and established the name of Gorkhali as a warrior race.

5.3.2          Maintenance Internal Security and Peace

The Army has a greater role of National Defense and Security, protection of a country from attack or subversion. Preparedness for military action, diligence in matters of intelligence gathering and secrecy and protection of resources and rights considered critical to the functioning of a nation are all included in national defense and security plans. NA has rightfully carried out these functions, most notably recently against Maoist led insurgency, as well as in the past as Khampa campaign and all.

5.3.3          Assistance during Calamities

The Nepalese Army has always been entrusted in the tense situation arising out of death of people due to natural calamities as well as man induced disasters. Due to the availability of adequate manpower and material resources, this is the best organization to carry out this role effectively.

5.3.4          Development and Public Welfare Works

The Nepalese Army has been seriously engaged in the developmental and nation building tasks, be it in the name of road construction, bridges construction and numerous other tasks as has been dictated by the civilian authorities. NA has shown more commitments to the present governments and has again been rightfully given corresponding tasks.

5.3.5          Security of Vital Installations

The Nepalese Army besides doing all the works for protection and nation building is also currently indulged in giving security to the vital places and installations. Here are some of the examples that the Nepalese Army has been giving its vital support:

·         Security of banks and jails.

·         Security of transport and communication installation.

·         Security to electrical generation sites and water reservoir.

·         Security to POL depots and pumps.

·         Protection of natural resources.

The Nepalese Army is greatly involved for the security of communication installations, and other vital public service sectors during the conflict period also which ultimately made possible to maintain reliable communications between people. Nature conservation is another field in which the Nepalese Army has been deployed, which is providing the basis needs for the people such as water reservoir, fuel and construction materials.

5.3.6          Peace Support Operations

Since last 50 years, the Nepalese Army has been regularly responding to the call for global peace by the United Nations. Nepal is currently ranked as the fifth largest contributor of troops for UN. At this time Nepal has more than 3300 peacekeepers all over the world working for the United Nations.

     

5.4 MODERNIZATION PLANS

When we go through the pages of history of the Nepalese Army we can find that within last sixty years it has undergone through reorganization and restructuring at least two times. Moreover, then forty odd thousand force (before Maoist Insurgency), was mostly engaged in ceremonial duties, few developmental projects and providing help during the natural calamities. This army has quietly witnessed the major revolution in military affairs of the neighboring countries but has seen a very little in this regard for itself. NA was most effective during the period of Maoist Insurgency and within that spate of time its strength doubled numerically but not in terms of resources and material. After the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord between the government and the maoist and thereafter, the numerical strength, its legitimacy and even the very existence of NA is under scrutiny. At this juncture heavier responsibilities lie in the shoulders of the NA leadership to prove its existence and requirements to the civilian sector. The defence budget in the recent years has also dwindled providing barely enough for the army’s existence forget about modernizing it.

In spite of these facts, it is the moral obligation of the leadership levels to think and plan for the army’s future prospects, plans and actions. Once the dust of the CPA and Constitution Building settles, then NA can press forward with their vision and action plan to meet the future requirements and endeavors. If we analyze the force combat ratio between us and our neighbors, we might not feature anywhere near to them. But despite this fact, the changing face of threats and likelihood of external aggression (we cannot really rule it out) suggests we must have a strong and ready force, since army cannot be build overnight. Some important factors for modernization plans are discussed in the succeeding paragraphs.

5.4.1          Budget Allocation

The NA’s budget has seen a downward spiral in the last couple of years, especially after the signing of the CPA. Modernization of every army is a painstaking job; likewise it is also the same for the NA. The substantial increase in the defence budget in the coming years ahead must be proposed and implemented. Also there are several growing anomalies in Nepal’s defence expenditure that needs to noted and corrected. The gap between the needs assessed by the army and what is actually made available is invariably large. If we study closely the shortfall between the requirement and the allocation, it is nearly at 40 to 50% mark. The tendency of not having any debate over the defence budget in the parliament is also the reason behind this glaring anomaly and neither is the explanation given to the Army HQ by either the MOD or MOF for not sanctioning the amount that is requested is reasonable enough.

5.4.2          Civil Military Relations

Nepal has recently transgressed into the new age that is republicanism. The actors of this revolution have been looking at the Nepalese Army with old pair of glasses. On its part, the NA must convince the new authorities that it too has grasped the new notions and ideas with open arms is totally committed to the formation of New Nepal, under the civilian leadership. For this CMR plays a crucial role. The recently concluded conference on improving CMR in New Nepal by Army Command and Staff College is a milestone in this regard.

5.4.3          Closer Military Ties with the Neighbors

Nepal shares close friendship ties with both her neighbors and so does Nepalese Army. Moreover the NA’s relation with other Armed Forces of the world notably, the British and the Americans is also very musch cordial. The NA in this regard had been getting substantial support from these countries in terms of resources and material, which it must try to exploit more to benefit it. The promise by the Indian Chief of Army Staff in helping the NA to build Common Training Centers and National Defence College in his latest visit is proof to itself. In its part the NA must lobby hard to these friendly countries armed forces to help implement its modernization plans and endeavors. 

5.4.4 Management of Resources

The revenues generated by the Nepalese Army after participating in the United Nations Peace Support Operations around the world are phenomenal. This resource has been instrumental in sustaining most of the welfare schemes launched by the NA. This part and the “Welfare Fund” of the NA need to be managed more effectively. The “compromise in the quality” syndrome during these peace support operations must be curbed. The NA must focus on exploiting the opportunity the UN has been providing, for it will not only enhance the NA’s capabilities but open up more doors in the future endeavors.

5.5 Development Of Fire Power, Aviation, Special Forces And C2i Aspects

5.5.1 Artillery

The development of firepower of any armed forces must be given utmost importance. The probability of direct confrontation with any of our immediate neighbors is very low, but this cannot be possibly ruled out. Having enough armed forces with sizeable firepower will most certainly boost our own self defence potentiality in future prospects. Causing unacceptable attrition to the adversary’s military machine will therefore be major factor in defending Nepal in case of likely future threats. In all future battles, firepower will play a predominant role in achieving military and political ends.

The think tanks in the western world have started calling this century as the century of irregular and limited warfare. Therefore in this regard the fundamental challenge during the limited warfare will be to generate favorable asymmetries on the battlefield while facing unpredictable threats most importantly by the irregular forces.

5.5.2 Massing of Firepower

In the future, it would be prudent to employ infantry and mechanized forces primarily to act as deterrent forces. They will simply be ordered to seize and hold ground only after the massive employment of all available fire delivery means, most importantly artillery, which will have completely pulverized the objective and rendered it incapable of meaningful resistance. It will become escapable necessity to achieve such firepower supremacy in the battlefield that the enemy becomes incapable of utilizing his own firepower means to cause serious damage. In the cases of limited wars, of which we will be witnessing more in the future, which is likely to be constrained by various time and space and force level limitations, it will be even more necessary to rely on the destructive potentiality of massed firepower. Hence, meaningful investments are needed now to upgrade our firepower capabilities in terms of artillery resources, as air power is still long way off for us.

5.5.3 Defensive Operations

The main feature of our operational capability will lie in the defensive operations. However, scales of limited offensive operations must not be ruled out. But it the defensive operations which we must try to master to achieve our primary task, that is to safeguard the territorial integrity. In any defensive operations high density and high volume of concentrated artillery fire will break up enemy’s attack well before they can be launched. The capability to detect the intruding enemy and strike him down must be enhanced with well crafted homework on equipment profiles. Therefore it is necessary also to equip our forces with Surveillance and Target Acquisition Systems, to go with at least medium caliber weapon systems.

5.5.4  Equipment Profiling

The current breed of artillery equipments in the arsenal today must be obsolete and new equipments must replace them. For instance, 105 mm LFG, with its three point contact is suitable for operating in hills and mountains, along with 120 mm Mortars, for plain areas use of 122 mm MBRL (Multi Barrel Rocket Launchers) and even 155 mm medium weapon systems will enhance the firepower capability. Laser Range Finders and ANTPQ 36/ 37 locating radars will also improve our detection capabilities.

From its status as a supporting arm, artillery all over the world has graduated to be a full fledged combat arm that dominates the battlefield with its inherent destructive potentiality. Artillery has the capability to be the decisive arm in any battle, and utmost care must be done to enhance the Nepalese Army’s potentiality in this aspect.

5.5.5   Army Aviation

Army Aviation is considered as a valued basic arm of Army.  The transformation and resetting of our aviation formation is two significant challenges we face while simultaneously remaining preparedness and relevant to modernize. Aviation is an integral component of the Nepalese Army since its establishment. Its role and contribution in the peace, disaster and conflict time has shown great potentialities to sustain the air requirement of the state. During its more than forty four years of continuous and undeterred service to the nation have already proved its worth and obligation at home and abroad. However, its responsive, deployable, agile, versatile, lethal, sustainable and survivable are main characters which have both challenges and opportunities           

A lot of hard work, planning and preparatory work is to be done to restructure and bolster the present form of army aviation component of Nepal. No. 11 Brigade and VVIP flights are two aviation units currently working under the Quarter Master General Office (QMG). By this arms service to the civil and army, Army Aviation has earned high-quality reputation and goodwill in Nepalese Civil Aviation field, too. Cost and technical challenges in developing and fielding aircraft, fire-power and mobility, if not addressed, may result in gaps between desired capabilities and available resources. Given the growth in aviation funding to date, it may not be reasonable to expect an increase in funds as a solution to cost and technical problems. To meet the future challenges and augment army aviation contribution to the Army by 2020, the following areas are required to be properly addressed and incorporated in the visionary document.

5.5.6          Quality Product

     

As we say, quantity is quality. We need to introduce quality manpower, machine and product of aviation market. The proven technology, machine and skilled professional work force is the quality product for the transformed army aviation. Technological innovation

5.5.7          Costly to Uphold        

Aviation field is the time consuming and demands high investment. The periodic review and phase-wise development program saves time and money.

5.5.8          Mobility

     

Currently available air assets of the Aviation Brigade’s fixed wing and rotary wing aircrafts can airlift company minus strength. In order to airlift at least 500+ strength troops and their first line ammunition by fixed wing aircraft, heavy airlifter fixed wing such as C-130 (Hercules) and IL-76 type aircrafts are required in transport stream and few executive class airplanes are required for the VVIP and VIP transport. Whereas, in Rotary Wing few Mi-26 (Biggest Helicopter) is required to airlift at least 300+ strength troops and heavy equipment.

5.5.9          Firepower and Air Support            

Presently Lancer is the only one type of combat helicopter in our inventory. However, it has some payload, range and endurance limitation. Normally, the fixed wing aircraft is faster, accurate and agile to employ. Therefore, both fixed and rotary wing aircrafts are required to introduce in order to augment firepower and air support.      

5.5.10        Concentration of Force       

In order to provide faster, reliable and economy air service, there should be at-least three aviation base namely; Eastern Aviation Base to cover mid and eastern region air mission requirement, Central Aviation Base to cover the Western base and requirements of the state (Nepal) originating from the capital (Kathmandu) including the Nepalese Army HQ and Western Aviation Base to render the air support at Mid-west and Far-west region

5.5.11        Establishment of Maintenance Workshop 

     

In order to carry out the first line maintenance of aircraft including helicopter, one maintenance workshop with necessary equipments and facilities will be established at Kathmandu. This will also reduces our heavy dependence on the foreign companies and saves national revenue.

     

5.5.12        Integrated Air Defense

     

Army Aviation and Air Defense arms have to work jointly to better protect Nepalese Territorial integrity by air.

5.5.13        Modern Technology

                 

Old technology declines in maintainability and reliability. It increases operation, support costs and less interoperability. If we cannot cope with the changed context, time and technology, the available air assets lose its value and luster. Therefore, we need the old technology to be changed but when and how are the biggest challenges at the moment. To address this and render the positive impact, we need to categorize and give the timeline to equip with the modern technology. 

5.5.14        Self Reliance on the Manpower and Training

     

The basic level officer, mechanics and engineers are to be produced at home. Like in infantry or other arms all the basic level training is required to be accomplished at the Army Aviation Training Center. One batch of pilot was produced and some training programs for engineers and mechanics were trained here. Nevertheless, the training program should be regular and enough major to be required to become self reliant on skillful and trained manpower at the home country. Enlarging current Army Aviation Training Center and equipping with the better training aids will be instrumental to carry out the local training for the pilot, engineer and mechanics and self reliance at home.

5.5.15        Augmentation on Airlifting Capability

The current requirement, the present level strength and capabilities may insufficient to meet the future challenges. The corrective response, plan and empowerment are essential. With the changed context if we can introduce right plan and resources at the same tune, the limited capability is no point of problem and debacle for the success of army aviation. To uplift, organized and solicit the clandestine operation in the time of crisis, capabilities have to be rethought to the best way possible for the nation and people.

5.5.16        Special Forces

The very nature of task of Special Forces is much different in comparison with rest of the armed forces. Carrying out special tasks and the need to go behind the enemy lines is the very nature of Special Forces. Critical examination of the role and employment of SF and the organizational structural necessary to support this important component of the army must necessarily be based on a holistic assessment of the current and future threats as discussed earlier. In addition of the traditional threats envisaged, new kinds of threats too are emerging with each passing years. In the prevailing era of strategic uncertainty, carefully structured, equipped and trained SF provides the most reliable means to the army as well the government for the surgical objects, when such needs arises. These forces have the capability to achieve dramatic results with small numbers, in the least possible time, at minimum political cost and with low casualties.

5.5.17        Likely Employment to counter Proxy War

As the country is heading towards federalism, in the coming days, the demands for various autonomous regions and rights for self determination are making contentious issues especially from the terai region. There is possibility that the southern neighbor might just be tempted to carry out some form of proxy war in this region, if the relation between two countries starts to sour. The southern neighbors in their part have analyzed to employ their own SF elements inside Nepal to further their national interests; can never be ruled out, which they have even highlighted in their vision doctrine. Thus need for well enhanced SF and their roles must be categorically scrutinized.

5.5.18        Structural Aspect

The current structural design of the SF with single Battalion seems to be very much inadequate viewing the threat perception of coming years. At least a Division sized SF units are required having a SF Brigade, Rangers Brigade and even Air Borne Brigade will be adequate to meet those challenges. Of course these forces must be designed and equipped accordingly. They must also be provided with dedicated helicopter squadrons, to enhance their mobility along with wheeled striker vehicles to meet mobility requirements for the plain areas. 

5.6             Command, Control and Intelligence

This is another critical aspect which must be looked into deeply. The present command and control structure inside the army seems to be fine, but a regulation regarding the “check and balance” system must be initiated to enhance the effectiveness. However more coordination between the Army HQ and MOD needs to be established. The creation of Security Council, without the Chief of Army Staff as the member, is unheard of practice el6ewhere in the world. These provisions need to be corrected as soon as possible, especially while drawing up the new Constitution of the country. For the effectiveness aspect we should not create “Corps”, as Divisions are quite sufficient for us, however, a direct control from the COAS over the Div Cdrs must be established. The command and control aspect with the MOD and the civilian political masters must be made effective through gradual process, where we must endeavor to teach them each and every process. This will be enhanced by the regular interactions, especially by seminars based on the theme of Civil Military Cooperation. Up gradation of the technology is also the need of the hour.

5.6.1          Neglected Intelligence

This is the most neglected part of the Nepalese Army. The blow which the army suffered from the hands of handful of Maoist insurgents in the past all can be accredited with the failure of intelligence. Not because, it was overlooked but simply the organization was just not efficient enough. Contrary to the recurring reports on the media, the Directorate of Intelligence (DMI) has only marginal intelligence acquisition capability and absolutely zero capability on counter intelligence which needs to be as effective as intelligence itself. Internally, NA’s intelligence system is based upon DMI’s intelligence Operation Branch (INTOPS Branch) and intelligence Corps with organic intelligence setup in operational and tactical formation and units. NA coordinates its intelligence efforts with National Investigation Department (NID) and other security forces at tactical to strategic level.

The weaker coordination among the security services also contributed to the intelligence debacle.

5.6.2          Enhancing Intelligence

For the effective intelligence system in Nepal Army to meet the likely future challenges, foremost its organizational structure has to be reviewed and restructured. Out of all GS branches of Nepal Army, it is the only branch headed by brigadier general, rest are headed by major generals. Hence, up grading the command structure of DMI would facilitate performance and effective coordination within the organization, with other intelligence departments and with departments of government ministries. Giving due consideration on the importance of intelligence at present context, creation of two different branches to deal with national and international affairs separately and close coordination between them would facilitate to enhance effective intelligence system in Nepal Army. Likewise creation of branches to look into the internal and external affairs must also be thought of.

5.6.2.1 Intelligence Corps

Extension of limited access of intelligence corps to Brigades, Battalions and to Independent Company and full implementation of concept of intelligence corps regiment would help to enhance the intelligence system in Nepal Army. Under this intelligence regimental concept, various integral intelligence cell within the formation and units have to be integrated within the intelligence corps regiment. Existing MISG support to various div will have to be reviewed and upgraded and as per modern trend in the intelligence system and to congregate the intelligence requirement of Nepal Army at present context.

5.6.2.2     Intel Ops

Intelligence Ops is responsible for analyzing and evaluating information collected through Intelligence Corps, processing it to develop intelligence, recording the processed intelligence and finally disseminating to those concern on need to know basis. For better performing these tasks, it should be staffed with skilled man power. Staff having good knowledge on the subject and trained adequately, can perform better, hence can develop relevant and reliable intelligence. The economic, military and geopolitical situation of Nepal demands defensive intelligence. Increasing terrorist activities in the subcontinent, growing foreign activities and internal conflicts with in Nepal indicates to have strong and effective counter intelligence branch. Hence, separate counter intelligence branch to deal with internal and foreign affairs would help to enhance the counter intelligence capability of the organization.

5.6.2.3   Modernization of DMI

Present intelligence requirement of NA demands modernization of DMI. However, the only intelligence organization of NA is still based upon the open sources intelligence (OSINT) and Human Intelligence (HUMINT). In the 21st century intelligence is all about information technology, but DMI lack all most all of them except HUMINT. It requires technological improvement. Within the limitation of resources, variety of techniques like COMINT, SIGINT, ELINT should be adopted to obtain required information for the organization. Also adoption of data based intelligence system would enhance the performance of DMI as a whole. Intelligence is like a business, more investment more result. It is a high risk sector, to compensate it, requires a lot of finance. Traditional sources of information like HUMINT needs to be replaced with modern technologies and data based system. Effective intelligence system requires adequate resources in terms of man and materials. Use of modern equipments becomes an inherent part of intelligence system. Skilled man power in full strength as per the organizational structure, enough space (separate building) for the smooth functioning of tasks and for maintaining secrecy, modern equipment’s, adequate vehicles, and good amount of budget for the mobilization of sources and agencies are the need of DMI at present context.

CHAPTER-VI

THE RIGHT SIZE OF NA IN FUTURE

6.1       Restructuring of NA 

 Review the existing force structure of NA and recommend a suitable organisational structure with a view to rebalance and reorganise existing combat, combat support and combat service support elements. As growth in the national development and increase in population in country, the necessity of security sector reformation also absolutely required. In the regular process of modernization of Nepal Army to meet the National Security perspective in changing context, the organization structure upraised as corps concept in 2056 BS. According to this corps concept there are 6 x Divisions and 15 x Brigades along with Special Forces, Combat Support Units and Combat Service Support Units formed under direct command of COAS. So, 1 x Division for each Development Regions and Kathmandu Valley, same as 1 x Infantry Bde in each zone and Kathmandu Valley are located. Nepal Army has started to enroll female to represent the women to meet the standard of national and international context. (DGMO, 30 chaitra 2069)

i.          Existing total strength of NA    Till to the 2063 B.S. the total strength of NA including Officers, JCO, NCO, Followers, Bureaucrats are as follows:

Officers	JCO	NCO	Followers	Bureaucrats	Total
4906	5901	76304	5422	220	92753

ii.         Comparison between NA Officer with neighboring and developed countries.

Rank	Nepal	India	Pakistan	UK
Lt Gen	2	83	32	20
Maj Gen	18	267	171	44
Bde Gen	69	1000	515	174
Col	133	3000	800	525
Lt Col	388

Total Strength of Pakistani Army 50,000

Total Strength of UK Army 1,14,000

Total Strength of Nepalese Army 92,753

Total Strength of Indian Army 11,00,000

 (source: DGMO, Army Headquater)

Above chart shows that there are more senior offrs in most of the countries. So that strenght of senior offrs should be increased accordingly for the more effectiveness of the institution.

iii.        Comparison between Army personal and civil service personal.

Class	Army Personnel	%	Civil Service Personnel	%
Special	21	0.02	55	0.083729
First	202	0.21	369	0.403547
Second	1750	1.88	2140	2.693057
Third	2910	3.13	7681	9.127845

(source: DGMO, Army Headquater)

Total strength of NA is 92753 whereas total strength of civil service personnel is 75436. This differences shows that senior army officers are less in comparison to civil service personnel. So, strength should be maintained for more effectiveness.

Modernization in training for the effective training, Nepalese Army personnel should be participating in various foreign training and seminars so that they can adopt new techniques and system and that should be applied according to our needs and terrain. Enough training aid should be provided during the training. Some of the measures to modernize the army are discussed below:

6.1.1    Realistic training:   Military operations do not only include destroying the terrorists. They also include missions to support diplomatic and humanitarian missions, peace-keeping and economic support. Troops need training that incorporates all of these missions

6.1.2    Standardized Training: Training to standard means and training to the minimum level of proficiency required to the mission. This involves constant evaluation at all levels down to the individual. Performance standards are drawn from doctrine and policies created at higher levels of command. Everyone must know and understand what the standard are, and leaders must know how to evaluate performance

6.1.3    Sustainment Training ;   Sustainment training means maintains skills, physical condition and equipment. Once proficiency is achieved, regular periodic refresher training is used to ensure competence. Troops have to be constantly ready to conduct operations.

6.1.4    Multi-echelon and Concurrent Training Multi-echelon training is training conducted on several command levels. This training allows interaction between units and gives leaders a better understanding of the overall mission.

6.1.5    Increase the no. of modern weapon:           Till today, more than 30% of Nepalese soldiers are using SLR Rifle which was used in II World War. This type of old weapons should be phased out and replaced by modern weapon.  It would be better and more effective if S.L.R. and S.M.G. are to be   replaced by M16 and Colt Commando, whereas 2-inch mortar are to be replaced by 51 mm mortar in infantry and support weapon like arty and AD weapon should be introduced.

6.1.5    Increasing the capability of Army Aviation:           Terrain like in our country aviation plays a great role for any types of tactical operations during insurgency or even in peace time (disaster management and rescue operations). Aviation is indispensable asset. The countries with superior air power have dominated the world today. Following some of the recommendations are made to modernize the army aviation

6.1.6    Increase the no of fleets at present total strength of the army is about 94 thousand and the number of the aircrafts available are just twenty-six among which most of the aircrafts are unserviceable and grounded. Hence the first thing that has to be done is to increase the no of the fleets to meet the increasing demand of the army.

            Phasing out of the old aircrafts Among the only four existing fixed wing aircrafts there are three types of the manufacture and in the rotary wing side among 18 heli/copters there are nine different manufactures. Most of the manufacturing companies have stopped making the aircrafts hence it is very difficult in getting the spare parts as result of which most of the aircrafts or the fleets are grounded

            Aircrafts should be equipped with surveillance capabilities: Aircrafts should be equipped with devices like Night and day FLIR (Forward Looking Infra-Red) system. To conduct counter terrorist operations during the night.

            Old aircrafts should be phased out and necessary aircrafts should be bought:  At present among the fleets that Nepal army aviation possesses, there are numerous varieties of fleets. Among four available fixed wing aircrafts they are from three different manufacturers and among the eighteen helicopters they are from nine different manufactures. Most of the aircrafts are obsolete, even the manufacturing companies have stopped making them hence it is very difficult to get the spare part in case of damage and maintenance is required. In this respect it is essential to phase out